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WHERE WE • LIVE 








EMILIE V. JACOBS 



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•AHOnEGEOGRAFH 




Class y- \ ^ ^ 
Book JE. 



Copyright}! 



"Six 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSrr. 



WHERE WE LIVE 



A Home Geography 



EMILIE V. JACOBS 

Supervising Principal of the Richardson L. Wright School, 
Philadelphia 



n 

DDD 
D 



PHILADELPHIA 

CHRISTOPHER SOWER COMPANY 

124 North Eighteenth Street 



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Copyright, 1913, by 
Christopher Sower Company 



©CI.A8 54ii8 3 



CONTENTS 



PAGE 

Foreword 5 

Introduction 7 



PART ONE 

I. Our School 11 

II. The Streets . . 17 

III. The Buildings 22 

IV. The City as a Whole 31 

V. The People 36 

VI. Industries and Occupations 42 

VII. Animals and Plants 46 

VIII. Transportation and Communication 50 

IX. Physiography of the City 54 

X. Direction 66 



PART TWO 

I. The Earth as a Whole 73 

II. The Seasons 79 

III. The Zones 82 

IV. North America 93 

V. Countries of North America . . 100 

VI. Trips 105 

3 



MAPS 



PAGE 

I. Philadelphia 10 

II. The Western Hemisphere 74-75 

III. The Eastern Hemisphere 74-75 

IV. The World 82 

V. Surface Map of North America 96 

VI. North America 100 

4 



FOREWORD 



Once upon a time as four blind men sat by the roadside they heard 
the tramp of an elephant's feet, and said one to another, " Here comes an 
elephant; now we shall know what he is like." The first blind man put 
out his hand and touched the elephant's broad side. The second took hold 
of a leg. The third grasped a tusk, and the fourth clutched the animal's 
tail. 

"Now do you know what an elephant looks like?" asked a friend. 

"Yes," cried the first. "The elephant is broad and flat like a barn 
door." 

" What !" exclaimed the second. " The elephant is big and round like 
the trunk of a tree." 

"Not so!" cried the third. "The elephant is hard and smooth like a 
polished stone." 

"What are you all talking about?" cried the fourth. "The elephant 
is just like a piece of rope." 

Much so-called teaching of geography leads to just such incomplete and 
fantastic ideas about geographical concepts. Very mauy children have 
only vague, incomplete and incorrect conceptions of the things they see. 
Like these physically and mentally blind men we are too often satisfied 
with mere wordy descriptions of subjects when we might study the subject 
at first hand if we would. 

This little book is intended to prevent the giving of informaiion by 
description, but to suggest ways of directing attention to those things which 
lie within reach of the child's senses, things which he might pass by, things 
which are needed now to stimulate an intelligent interest in his surround- 
ings, things which are needed later for an appreciation and enjoyment of 
his study of the larger facts and concepts of geography. If the larger 
geographical concepts are to have accuracy and richness for the child he 
must have his attention directed to his surroundings. The trite expression 



6 FOREWORD 

"from the known to tlie nnknow-n " is good pedagogy, Imt lline must be a 
"known" on which to l)uihl. 

The book is based upon the author's actual experience in the class-room 
studying the children at their geography tasks. It has been her experi- 
ence that the efforts of the teachers to build broad geographical concepts 
were of no avail because the pupils did not have accurate intimate knowl- 
edge of the necessary home geography upon which to l)uild. To correct 
this defect she set about collecting and classifying the necessary material. 
With the use of this material she not only found that the class teachers 
had much less difficulty in presenting the study of the earth as a whole, 
but that an interest beyond all expectation was apparent in the children. 

The following pages are valuable more on account of the things they 
suggest than upon any geographical facts which they incidentally present. 
The book is not a text-book on geography ; it is a compendium of sug- 
gestion on the study of the subject. It makes little effort to present facts, 
but rather it tells how to gather, classify and study facts. It is intended 
to be used with children during the age when they especially delight in 
the making of collections, and is intended to turn to a definite use this 
childish instinct. 

Map study is based entirely upon the child's experiences as he makes 
plans of his schoolroom, schoolhouse, streets and city. The suggestions 
regarding the study of things foreign to the child are based entirely upon 
his experience in the study of the types with which he has become familiar 
in his study of his surroundings. 

Milton C. Cooper, 
Superintendent of District Nine, Philadelphia. . 



NTRODUCTION 



Geographical knowledge should progress from the known to the 
unknown, from the familiar to the unfamiliar. The world is the home of 
mankind. We can best understand the larger world by a preliminary 
consideration of our own small intiinate home. We therefore begin to 
study geography with an account of the child's immediate environment. 
The school stands for the connnon home of the class. From the school we 
gradually widen out our teaching to include the surrounding streets and 
buildings, and finally the whole city. 

We study the various types of pco[)le wliom we meet in our city, and 
the industries in which they engage in their efforts to obtain the three main 
necessities of human life, — food, clothing and shelter. The animals and 
plants sharing the world with man and contributing to his sustenance next 
focus our attention. 

The home city has peculiar physiographical features distinguishing it 
from other cities and influencing the life of its inhabitants. The land and 
water divisions in the immediate environment are studied as types, while 
those not closely related to our home are reserved for consideration as each 
one occurs in its local geographical place in the course of study. 

We must know something of direction in order to conveniently locate 
the streets, buildings and physiographical features near our home. Finally, 
we will try to realize the great size of the earth, of which our home is but 
a small portion, by a consideration of the relationshi]) of our city to the 
rest of the world and to some of this world's great diversities. 

As geography is a study of cause and effect, the early lessons should be 
mainly oral. Later, in order to obtain a broad knowledge of geogra))hical 
data, not one but many books should be read. This little book aims to 
serve as a bridge between the oral lesson and the descri])tive text-book. 
The presentation of many questions leads the pupil to think out cause and 
effect, and to connect his, present knowledge with the realm of the unknown. 
Special care has been exercised to present facts only when facts are abso- 

7 



8 INTRODUCTION 

lutely necessary, and only after allowing the pupil the opportunity to first 
exercise his own reasoning faculties in obtaining the information. 

The excursion is an essential part of every geography course, and everj- 
effort should l)e made to use this etfective means of teaching. 

Four types of valuable exercises may be suggested in the use of this 
book: 

1. The pui)ils may read the (juestions orally and give the answers 
orally. 

2. They may read the questions silently, answering them orally. 

3. They may read the questions orally and write the answers. 

4. Finally, they may silently read the questions and write the answers. 
All definitions have been carefully avoided as tending to hamper the 

free acquisition of ideas. 

PART I 

TOPICS 

1. The School. 6. The Industries. 

2. The Streets. 7. The Animals and Plants. 

3. The Buildings. 8. Transportation and Communication. 

4. The City as a Whole. 9. The Physiography of the City. 

5. The People. 10. Direction. 

PART II 

1. The Earth as a Whole. 

2. The Seasons. 

3. The Climatic Zones. 

4. North America. 



PART ONE 




nAP OF 
PHILADELPHIA 

.23 + 

SCALE 4- MILES 



WHERE WE LIVE-A HOME GEOGRAPHY 



CHAPTER I 

OUR SCHOOL 
1 

What is the name of our school? 
Where have you seen this name ? 




A CITY SCHOOL. 



Why was this name given to our school ? 
On what streets does our school stand ? 
How Ions: have vou been attending this school? 
See how nnich you liave noticed as you came here 
each day. Tell what you can remember of the dif- 



11 



12 A HOiME (IKOGKAPHY 

ferent i)ai'ts of the building which can be seen from 
the street. Describe each of the following parts : 

Walls Roof 

Windows Chimneys 

Doors Fire-escape 

2 
As you look at the school from the outside what 
materials do you see that the builders have used? 
Where have they needed stone, slate, glass, tin, iron, 
steel, wood? 

Now let us think of the garden and i)lay ground. 
Tell about the different parts and the materials that 
have been used in making them. 

What great numbers of workmen were needed 
before a school like ours could be built ! Who i)ro- 
cured the stone and the slate? Whose work was 
needed to obtain the iron, the steel and the tin? 
Who made the glass? Which workmen shall we 
thank for the wood ? 

Can you think how the bare lot looked before the 
school was built ? Many men with shovels and pick- 
axes dug out the foundation, and numbers of horses 
and wa2:ons were needed to carrv out the earth. 
Then came the builders. How were so many mate- 
rials brought here? 

3 

1. We will go outdoors together and look at the 
school building. 



OUR SCHOOL 



13 



2. We will stand north of the school, south, east 
and west of it. Notice the position of the parts, their 
number, shape, size and color. 

3. As we stand at each side, see whether there are 
any parts wliich you never noticed before or any parts 
which we forgot to mention yesterday. 



Look at this drawing of a school l)uilding and 
It is called a plan. Before any school or 



grounds. 



NORTH 



WEST 



E 



GATE 

DRINKIN& WATER 
I I, 



FLAGPOLE 

PLAYGROUND ^^^e 



•TREE TPEE« 

GAR 



DRINKING WATER 
. ,f, , ,',.-^U, 



•TftfE TREE' 

DEIN 






SCHOOL 
BUILDING 



EAST 



SOUTH 



church or home is built a plan must be drawn. This 
is to show the workmen what to do. See how much 
of the ground is used for the building. Find the 
garden. What are in the garden? Which is larger, 
the garden or the playground? What shape is the 



14 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 

playground ? How many doors are there to the 
building? In how many ways can you get into the 
l)lay ground ? 

Try to draw a plan of your school building and 
yard, showing the gates, the flagpole, the drinking 
fountains and any other parts you think of. Show 
which door you use most. 

Note to tlie Teacher. — The pupils should draw the plan upou paper 
while the teacher draws it upon the blackboard. Infinite care should be 
exercised to invest every line with its full meaning. Upon the proper 
interpretation of this first plan will depend much of the pupil's future 
ability to correctly read a map as the representation of a reality. 

5 

THE INSIDE OF THE SCHOOL 

As you walk from the school-gate up to your room 

what do you see ? Tell all that you have noticed in 

the corridors, on the staircases, in the cloak-rooms and 

the class-rooms. 

6 

We will go on a little excursion through the school 

today, walking along all of the cori'idors and upon 

all of the staircases. Look esj^ecially to see anything 

that you never saw before, and notice anything that 

you forgot to mention in yesterday's description. 

7 
Answer the following questions: 

1. How many stoi'ies high is our school ? 

2. How manv class-rooms are on each floor? 



OUR SCHOOL 



15 



3. How many otlier rooms are on each floor? 

4. How many staircases does our school have? 

5. Wliat materials liave been used in building the 
staircases ? 

6. What can be seen in the coriidor nearest your 
room ? 

7. By how numy doorways can the children leave 
the buildino- ? 

8. How is your school heated and ventilated ? 



8 
Describe every- 
thing that you can 
see in your class- 
room. 

9 
Look at this 
})lan of a school- 
room. See if you 
can draw a plan of 
yovr school-room. 

10 



o 



I ICHAIR 



□ □□□□□ 

□ □□□□□ 

□ □□□□□ 

□ □□□□□ 

□ □□□□□ 

□ □ □ □ □ n 



WINDOWS 

PLAN OF SCHOOL ROOM 



Make a list of all 
the materials that have been used in building the inside 
of your school. Kemend)er all of the following parts : 

Flooi's Windows Coi'ridor furnishings 
Ceilinsi;s Doors Class-room furnishings 

Walls Staircases 



16 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 

Now write a list of the kinds of workmen wlio 
gathered together these materials. Name as many 
of the kinds of workmen as you can think of who 
were engaged on the inside work of the building. 

11 

Write a letter to anyone whom you know who 
lives outside of our city. Tell all about our tine 
school building and the good workmen by whom it 
was planned and built. 



CHAPTER II 

THE STREETS 
1 

On what streets does your school stand? 

On what street do you live? 

What streets do you pass on your way home ? 

What do you think is the finest street that you 
have ever seen in your city? What makes that so 
good a street ? 

Name a poor street. What could be done to 
improve it? 

2 

Why do we have streets ? Can you think of any 
place where people live where there are no streets? 

Look at the country ])icture shown on page 
19. How })retty it is ! When would it be pleas- 
ant to walk there? When would it not be so 
pleasant? Why? What must be done to a road 
to make it into a good street? Tell what you can 
of the different ways of paving, lighting and draining 
a street, and of the different kinds of name-signs you 
have seen. 

Now what can be done to make a street beautiful 
and pleasant in warm weather ? 

2 17 



18 



A HOME GEOGRAPHY 



How can boys and girls he\\) to keep the streets 
l)lcasant? 

Here is a i)lan of some of the streets in our city. 



uUUL 



MARKET STREET 
WEST 



C'-tr^STNUT STREET 



DDE 



S«nSO~i STI?EET 



>.UNUT STREET 



DO DDE 



PLAN OF CITY STREETS. 

start from your liouse and 
how you come to scliool. 



Draw the shape of tlie 
school lot. Now show the 
streets that the school 
stands upon. Now draw 
one street beyond each of 
those streets, and then an- 
other street l)eyond each 
one again. If you have 
not yet drawn the street 
where yon live, keep on 
drawing streets till you 
come to your street. Place 
a little cross to show your 
home. With your pencil 
make a dotted line to show 



On your })lan of the neighborhood place a circle 
to show the grocery store oi' bakeiy that you ])ass on 
your way to school. Make a, large dot to show the 
nearest drug store to school, and with a dotted line 
explain how you would go there from school if your 
teacher sent you for a stamp. Make a circle with a 



THE STREETS 19 

cross in it to sliow where there is a church, a 
bank, a factory, or any other important building 
near your school. If there is a railroad near, show 
it upon youi- plan. 



Jl 




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HMH 


W! 


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A COUNTRY HOME. 



5 

Many of the streets in Philadelphia are named 
after trees. That is because William Penn. the 



20 



A HOME GEOGRAPHY 



founder of oni* city, loved trees, and wanted the streets 
to have tlieir names. Tell some of these old names. 

Broad Street is one of the longest, finest streets in 
the world. It runs as straight as your ruler for nmny 




NORfH BROAD STREET. 
(Copyriglii, 1911, William H. Ran, Philadelpbia.) 



miles right through almost the entire length of the 
city, and is paved with asphalt the whole way. Why 
is it called Broad Sti'eet ? 

Get as many pictures of the Philadelphia streets 
as you can and paste them in your note hook with 
the plan of the streets you drew. 



THE STREETS 21 

Market Street is another very fine street. It 
crosses Broad Street at right angles. It is the great 
business street of the city. On it are many fine 
stores. Name some of them. Cars run along the 
floul>le line of tracks on Market Street. 



CHAPTER III 

THE BUILDINGS 
1 

What kinds of buikiings do you pass on yonr way 
to school? Write a list of all the kinds of buildings 
that you have ever seen. 

Copy the list of buiklings given below and place 
a cross beside each kind that you have seen. Tell 
something about each, whei'e you saw it, of what it 
was built, or for wliat it was used : 



Residence 


Factory 


Hospital 


School 


Museum 


Government building 


Church 


Library 


Car barn 


Store 


Bank 
Office 


Railroad station 



Look at these pictures and tell for what each 
building is used. How do you know ? 

2 

Write a list of any imjiortant buildings you know 
of in our city. Find the i)icture of City Hall. How 
did you know it? 

City Hall stands where the two main streets of 
Philadelphia cross, Broad Street and Market Street. 

22 



THE BUILDINGS 



23 




SOUTH BROAD STREET. 



It is built of granite and marble, and is the largest 
building in America. Far up near the top of the 
great toAver, which is one of the highest in the world, 
is an enormous clock with a dial twenty feet across. 



24 A HOME GEOGKAPHY 

The huge bronze statue of William Penn, standing at 
the top of the tower, is six times as tall as a large 
man. You can ride in an elevator way up into the 
tow^er and look out in all directions to the great 
beautiful city stretching aw^ay on all sides. You can 
see the Delaware and the Schuylkill Eivers. In City 
Hall are the ofhces of the Mayor, of the Superintend- 
ents of Police and the Fire Department, and many 
others. 

Look at pictures of our three railroad stations. 
They are among the finest in the world. We have 
three great railroads running into Philadelphia, and 
these pictures show the terminal or end stations. 



Philadelphia has some of the most interesting, 
largest, and most beautiful buildings in the whole 
world. Look at these three i)ictures. They show 
buildings that thousands of people from all over the 
world visit during each year. Some of the visitors 
come hundreds of miles to Philadeli)hia. Would you 
not like to see these ])laces too? How far would you 
have to go for the visit ? Try to see one each Satur- 
day till you have seen them all. 

Independence Hall is a very old building. Al- 
though it is more than one hundred and fifty years 
old, it was built so well and has been so well cared 
for that it is still very beautiful and in good condi- 



THE BUILDINGS 



26 




INDEPENDENCE HALL. 



tion. Of what is it mainly built? How will 3'on 
know this biiildinar when you see it? 

The, men that signed the Declaration of Independ- 
ence met in Independence Hall. There you may 
see the old Liberty Bell which we all love because it 
rang out to tell the people that our country was free 
from England. You will see many other interesting 
things when you visit this old building, wiiich used 
to be called the State House. 

All of the money used in the United States is 
made in a United States Mint. There are four of 



26 



A HOME GEOGRAPHY 



these mints, and we have one in Phihidelpliia. What 
a mao'niticent buildins; it is ! It is made of o-ranite. 
In it vou can see the bis: bricks of 2:old and silver 




THE UNITED STATES MINT AT PHILADELPHIA. 



which will be made into doHars. You can see the 
big coining machines and counting machines. Thou- 
sands of coins are made eveiy day. 

Girard ('ollcfje has many buildings in a beautiful 
park surrounded by a liigh wall. The uuiin building 
is one of the most beautiful in this country. Poor 
orphan boys are here educated and given a good 
home. Stephen Girard, who lived long ago when 
George Washington was alive, left enough money to 



THE BUILDINGS 



27 



build these tine l)nil(lings and to \ydy for the food, 
clotliing and teaching of all of these boys. Thou- 
sands of ])(jor boys have thus been benefited through 
the goodness and generosity of Stephen Girard. 
What kind of man do vou think he was? 



There are over eighty parks and squares belong- 
ing to our city. Some are large and some are small. 




MAIN BUILDING GIRARD COLLEGE. 



When the park is about the size of a city square it is 
called a square. Which have you visited? What 
did you see ? What did you do when you were thei'e ? 
W^hen we visit one of our parks we should remem- 
ber that it belongs to us, for it belongs to the people 
of Philadelphia. Do you not like to have the things 
that belong to you as good, as useful and as beauti- 



28 



A HOME GEOGRAPHY 



fill as |)ossil)le ? Do you want your home to look 
sweet and clean and comfortable, or dirty, careless 
and unpleasant? Do you want your clothing to be 
strong, neat and pretty, or torn and dirty? We 
should all take pride in having the things we 

own just as good 
as possible. When 
you are in the 
street, the school, 
any |)ublic build- 
ing, or in a park, 
say to yourself, 
"This is mine." 
Then look around 
and see whether 
you like the way 
it looks. Think if 
there is any way 
in which you can 
help to keep it 
looking well or 
make it look even 
better. 
How can boys and girls help keej) a park beauti- 
ful as regards the grass, the ])aths, the flower beds, 
the trees, the buildings? Where does the money 
come from which pays the caretakei'S of the park ? 
Some peoi)le visit the park only in spring, summer 




CHRIST CHURCH. 



THE BUILDINGS 



29 



or autumn. Everyone knows hoAv delightful it is in 
those seasons. Man}' do not know how beautiful the 
bare trees look in winter with their gray or brown 
branches. There is no more exquisite sight in the 
world than to see these trees coated with glistening 
ice out to the tiniest twig, or to see them ridged with 










♦■>-; ■ 




-' .■' 




1, "* 



H- 



WINTER SCENE IN FAIKMOUNT PARK. 



pearly white snow. It is a merry sight, too, to see 
the jolly coasters. 

Fairmo7frd Park is the largest and most beautiful 
city park in our country, and there is only one other 
as large in the whole world. It includes many miles 
of beautiful country, with hills and grassy fields, 
flower beds and magnificent trees. There are many 



30 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 

s})lendid diives and paths, and a trolley line running 
througb it. There are statues of great men like 
Washington and Lincoln. There are interesting 
buildings, too. These are some of them : 

Zooloc:ical Gardens William Penn's house 
Horticultural Hall Mansions 
Memorial Hall Boat-houses 

Which have you visited ? Tell something that is 
beautiful about them, and what they are used for. 



CHAPTER lY 



THE CITY AS A WHOLE 



Think of the pictures tliat you saw with the 
exhibition hiiitern yesterday. 
1. What rivers did vou see ? 




BIRD S-EYE VIEW OF PHILADELPHIA. 



2. Which buildings did you tliinlv were very 
beautiful ? 

3. What was each used for? 

31 



32 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 

4. What liuve we in our city that does much 
good for the people? 

o. Which of the phices tliat were shown in the 
pictures have you ever visited ? 

6. What places would you like to visit? 

2 

PREPARATION FOR A TRIP TO SOME OBSERVATORY, TOWER 
OR ROOF-GARDEN FROM WHICH AN EXTENSIVE VIEW 
OF THE CITY CAN BE SEEN 

What place shall we visit? Why? Draw a plan 
to include the school and the place to be visited. 

How many blocks must we go? Shall we ride or 
walk ? In what directions shall we go ? 

When we are up high we can look over the city. 
First, we w ill try to find our school. In what direc- 
tion shall we need to face? Then let us notice what 
lies between us and our school. See if you can find 
any parks or large buildings which you know. Try 
to find the street upon which your home stands. 
Then we shall look beyond our school for any familiar 
buildings or parks, and look for your street if you did 
not see it before. Notice how far the city stretches 
and try to see what cuts it off or bounds it. 

Next we shall turn and look in the opposite direc- 
tion. What direction will that be ? Find any familiar 
places. HoW' can you know which are homes, scliools, 
churches or factories? See how^ far the city extends 
and what cuts off or bounds it on this side. 



THE CITY AS A WHOLE 33 

In what other directions shall we look? Again 
we shall notice the familiar and unfamiliar places and 
the city boundaries. 

3 

THE TRIP 

4 

Was the view of the city like what you expected ? 
What surprised you? What did we see most of? 
Make a list of all the places you remember seeing. 
Think of each view separately; north, south, east and 
west. Tell of anything you saw as you looked in 
each direction. Why could we see so much ? How 
could we see even farther? 

5 

Philadelphia is one of the great cities of the world. 
It is called '' The City of Homes." Can you tell why ? 
Over one and one-half million people live here. 
William Penn founded Philadelphia. He planned to 
have a pleasant country town. How surprised he 
would be if he could see ]io\v great the city has be- 
come to-day. It is hard for us to believe that two 
hundred and fifty years ago there Avere no houses, 
churches, schools or even streets. All this land was 
wild country, mostly woods. When William Penn 
came and began to ])lan the city he gave it the beau- 
tiful name "Philadelphia," which means "brotherly 

3 



34 



A HOME GEOGKAPHY 




WILLIAM PENN IN YOUNG MANHOOD. 



THE OITY AS A WHOLE 



35 



love." All the people of Philadelphia shouhl try to 
make this a real city of brotherly love by treating all 
of the people living here with kindness, just as if we 
were all brothers and sisters. If we are true to the 
good name of our dear city we will be kind and fair 




WILLIAM I'KNN S HOI SE 



to all, rich and poor, American and foreigner, white 
and colored people. That is one way of showing our 
thankfulness for our splendid city. 



CHAPTER Y 

THE PEOPLE 
1 

Think of the thousands of houses which you saw 
as you looked over the city. There are people living 
in nearly all of those houses. Just think of tlie thou- 
sands and thousands of people wdio live in Philadel- 
phia. There are more than a million and a half. 
How many people go to your school? There are 
about two Inmdred and fifty schools in Philadelphia, 
and nearly two hundred thousand school children. 

Most of these people look much alike, but some 
are very different in appearance. Name some of the 
different kinds of people wdiom you have seen. How 
do you distinguish a negro and Chinaman or Mongo- 
lian from a white i)erson or Caucasian ? Tell about 
their hair, skin or any other peculiar features. 

Each kind of people is called a race. The pictures 
show some of the races we see in Philadelphia, Cau- 
casian, Mongolian and negro. The Chinese and Jap- 
anese are called Mongolians. 

2 

THE INDIANS 

The Indians lived at this place which we now call 
Philadelphia long before there were any white people 
here or any city. Where these hundreds of buildings 



THE PEOPLE 



37 



stand there was wild country, fields and woods. 
Under the trees stood the Indian wigwams made of 
skins and branches. After William Penn landed with 




AN INDIAN FAMILY. 



his companions he began at once to make friends with 
the Indians. As the red men were living upon the 
land, Penn thought that it was only fair and honest 
to buy from them the land that the English people 
wanted for their homes. The Indians could not use 
money, so he gave them blankets and other presents 



38 



A HOME GEOGRAPHY 



which pleased them very Hiucli. Tlie Indians i)roni- 
ised William Penn to live in peace with the white 
men and they kept their i)romise for many years. 

Most of the white 
settlers who came 
in those early days 
to other parts of 
our land did not 
act in this noble 
way. When they 
wanted land on 
which to build their 
homes they drove 
the Indians away, 
killing many of 
them. Thus these 
unjustly treated In- 
dians became the 
enemies of the 
white men, and 
often treated them 
very cruelly in return. Let us remember that the 
Indians were the tirst owners of this land of ours and 
that they should be treated as William Penn showed 
us, with kindness and justice. 

Those wild Indians of long ago had many noble 
traits. They were strong and brave and feailess. 

Read in some of your school books about Indians and their homes. 




INDIAN CHIEF. 



THE PEOPLE 



39 



THE NEGROEvS 

There were no negroes in this country till many 
years after Columbus and the other white men began 
to settle here. Some white men went far across the 
sea to Africa. They stole 
the negroes away from 
their homes, cariied them 
to their ships and sailed 
back to this country. 
Then these white men 
sold the negroes to other 
men for money. The i)()or 
colored men had to work 
terribly hard as slaves 
and received no pay for 
their work. At last they 
were freed by Abraham 
Lincoln and others who 
helped him. 

The negroes have much ^,.„„^ 

that is fine in their char- 
acter. Even when they were slaves they often grew 
to love their masters so dearly that they would do 
anything in the world, even give up their lives,, for 
their masters. The negroes have been treated with 
frightful cruelty by many of the white |)eople, and yet 
those colored people have been wonderfully patient 




40 



A HOME GEOGRAPHY 



and cheerful through all of the hard times. We 
should always remember that God made the negro 
as well as the white num. The colored boy could 
not choose his skin and hair any more than you could 
clioose yours. Fair-minded people will try to be 
honest, kind and just to the negi'oes. 



■ 


K^'^^^K^ ^ 


1 


H^P 


^^)^. ■ 


m 


P 




1 


liHi**>;S ' 




P 


Hi 


P^^^^^SH 


^^ 



THE CHINESE 

Many Chinamen 
have .come to our 
country from their 
distant homes in 
China. Their coun- 
try is so crowded, 
and it is so hard 
to earn a living 
there, that most of 
the people are very 
poor. 

The Chinese liv- 
ing in our country 
are peaceful and 
quiet. They work 
very hard in their 
laundries and other places of business ; yet there are 
many white people so cruel and thoughtless as to rid- 
icule a Chinaman whenever they see one. These white 
people should remember that God made the China- 



CHINESE MANDARIN AND SERVANT. 



THE PEOPLE 41 

man and that he is a stranger here in our country. 
Is it not even worse to ill-treat a stranger than one 
who is at home ? The color of our skin and hair is 
not very important. It matters far more whether we 
are honest, loving, industrious and fair-minded. The 
negro, Indian and Chinese boys or girls are just as 
good as white l)03^s or girls if they try to do what is 
right. 



CHAPTER YI 

INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS 
1 

Which members of your family work? Why do 
they work ? For what is the money they earn spent ? 
Think which of these things are absolutely necessary 
to keep us alive. 

We all need food. 

We all need clothing. 

We all need homes or shelter. 

W^ithout these provisions we should die. 

How do we get our food, our clothing and our 
homes? How did people get tliem when there wei'e 
no stores and no money ? Do you know of any peo- 
ple who were compelled to get things in this way? 

lu a school reader, read about how primitive people lived. 

2 

THE .SOIL 

We have two kinds of food, vegetable food, v^^hich 
grows from the ground, and animal food. Name 
some foods of each kind. All plants grow out of the 
earth or soil. The soil is necessary to produce our 
aninuil food also. The meat we eat comes from 
sheep, cows, chickens and other animals. These ani- 
mals all live on vegetable food. Without good soil 

42 



INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS 43 

there would be no grass noi hay. No grass would 
mean no food for cows and sheep. So we see that all 
of our food really comes from the soil. 

Our clothing, too, is dependent upon the soil. 
The cotton plant grows up out of the ground. The 
wool comes from the sheep, which eats grass w^hich 
grows from the ground. 

Even our homes could not be built without prod- 
ucts from the earth or soil. Think how^ much wood 
is used in the construction of a house. The trees 
which gi'ow in the soil give us all the wood. Much 
iron, steel, copper, brass and nickel are used in our 
homes. Stones and bricks form part of many houses. 
All of these things come out of the earth. What a 
wonderful thing is the soil! Out of it come our 
food, our clothing and our shelter! 

In one of your books read the wonderful story of how we obtain a 
loaf of bread. 

3 

Write a list of all the kinds of work you can think 
of which are done in Philadelphia. 

Place a number 1 beside all of those which may 
be called lueaving. Place a number 2 beside all w^hich 
may be called mamifacturing clothmg. Place a num- 
ber 3 beside all which are the manufacture of furni- 
ture. Mark the manufacture of foods number 4. Mark 
shijjlmilding number 5, locomotive building number 6, 



44 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 

Ijrinting and hook-making number 7, iron and steel 
work number 8. 

Write a list of these eight leading industries of 
Philadelphia. 

4 

We will go to-morrow to visit a factory in which 
some food or clothing is manufactured. Look at the 
map of the city. Find your school. Find the factory. 
How far will we go and in what direction ? What is 
the name of the place we will visit? Notice all of 
the things made there. Try to remember all of the 
materials needed at the factory, and find out where 
these materials come from. Try to remember just 
how the articles are made. Find out what will be 
done with the things that are manufactured. Notice 
the number and kinds of machines used. See how 
many workmen are employed. 

5 

AFTER THE TRIP 

Write a letter to a friend in another class telling 
all about your visit. Mention these points : 

1. Where you went. 

2. What was made. 

3. How it was made. 

4. The materials used. 

5. The machinery. 

6. The workmen. 



INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS 45 

7. The usefulness of the factory. 

8. The care and skill of the workmen. 

9. Anything else interesting about the trip. 

6 

Philadelphia is the greatest workshop in the 
world. There are more workmen here that do line, 
careful work than in any other city. Some of the 
goods manufactured in our city are sent thousands of 
miles away to other people who need them. Among 
the many things made in Philadelphia in very large 
quantities are locomotives, street cars, iron and steel 
work, carpets, oil cloth, saws, curtains, shoes, stock- 
ings, underwear, felt hats. 

Read about the raaDiifacture of the articles which you saw being made 
at the factory. 

7 
There are many workers in our city who do not 
make things with their hands. Most of their work 
is done with their minds, though, of course, their 
hands help too. Name some of these. What kind 
of w^ork does each of the following do ? 

Teacher Lawyer Minister 

Doctor Author Banker 



CHAPTER Vll 

ANIMALS AND PLANTS 
1 

There are many other living creatures in tlie city 
beside people. Write a list of all the kinds of ani- 
mals you have ever seen in Philadelphia. 




AMERICAN BUFFALO. 



Some of these animals live near the homes of men. 
They are tame. Men take care of them and see that 
they get food. Many of these animals are very useful 
to us. Wi'ite a list of these tame animals. At the 
to}) of the list write Domestic Animals. Of what use 



46 



ANIMALS AND PLANTS 



47 



is each of the following animals when alive ? Which 
are useful after they are killed ? Of what use to man 
is each one ? 



Horse 


Pig 


Chicken 


Cow 


Dog 


Duck 


Sheep 


Cat 


Pigeon. 



Read about how our meat is supplied to us. 



Write a list of all the wild animals you have seen 
in or near Philadelphia. Where did you see them ? 
How were they prevented 
from harming people ? 
Where was the natural 
home of these animals? 
How did they get their 
food ? How do they now 
get their food ? 

Some of these ani- 
mals so closely resemble 
the domestic animals that 
they are said to belong to 
the same family. Head "''"^^^^ 

the names of the animals belonging to the same fam- 
ily and tell in what way they resemble each other. 
Tell which are domestic and which are wild. 




48 



A HOME GEOGRAPHY 



Cat 



THE CAT FAMILY 

Lion 



Tiger 



Leopard 




THE DOG FAMILY 



Dog 



Fox 



Wolf 



THE HORSE FAMILY 

Horse Zebra 

THE cow FAMILY 

Cow Buffalo 



Describe some of these wild animals 



Elephant 

Squirrel 

Bear 

There are also many 
fish, birds and insects. 

Paste in your notebook 
any pictures of animals. 

3 

Take a trip to the 
Zoological Gardens and 
see these animals. 



Fox 

Wolf 
Deer 




Which domestic or wild animals are useful to us 
in obtaining food, clothing and shelter? 



ANIMALS AND PLANTS 



49 



5 

PLANTS 

We cannot live without food, clothing and shelter. 
Let us see how plants helj) us to obtain these three 
great necessities. 

Write a list of 
all the plants that 
you can name. 

Draw a line 
under each that is 
useful for food. 

Draw two lines 
under each that is 
useful for dothimj. 

Draw three lines 
under each that 
is useful in making 
or furnishing our elk. 

liomes or sheltei'. 

Of what use are the plants tliat are not under- 
lined ? Are they beautiful ? How dull the world 
would be without flowers! 

We have : 

1. Food plants. 

2. Clothing plants. 

3. Shelter plants. 

4. Ornamental plants. 

4 




CHAPTER YIII 

TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION 

1 

Think of the foods wbicli you had on your dinner 
table yesterday. Where did each come from ? How 
did it get here? Was there anything which came 
from right here in tlie city, and which did not have 
to take a long journey either to the factory where it 
was manufactured or to the store where it was 
sold ? 

Examine the clotliing you are wearing. Of what 
material is each aiticle made? Where did the ma- 
terials come from ? Where were they manufactured ? 
Which had to come a long journey to Philadelphia? 

Look around the school-room and name the ma- 
terials which had to travel to Philadelphia before 
being ready for use. 

Imagine trying to get our food, our clotliing and 
our shelter materials right here in the city. How 
much could we be sure of havino- ? 



Perhaps you have seen products being bi'ought 
into the city. You may have seen the milk trains 
unloading their many shining cans. Surely you 

50 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION 



51 



have seen the freight cars with their signs painted 
on the outside telling that they are refrigerator cars, 
or coal cars, oi* other kinds of cars. What do they 
carry ? 

Most of the things we need are brought here 
on trains. Where are our largest freight railroad 
stations? W^here is the nearest station to our 
school ? 

Some pi'oducts are brought from the country in 
wagons. You have 
seen the big 'hay 
wagons which have 
come a long way 
from some farm to 
bring food for the 
city horses. 

How else are 
products brought? 
Coffee, rubber, pep- 
per, chocolate and 
much silk are brought here from distant lands in 
ships. If you go to the wharves along the river 
you can see hundreds of busy men unloading the 
big steamers. 

3 

Ships and railroads carry not only foods but peo- 
ple, too. There are many ways of carrying people 
and products. These are some of the ways : 




CHINESE TRANSPORTATION. 



52 



A HOME GEOGRAPHY 



1. On the backs of animals, as horses, camels, ele- 
phants. 

2. In wheelbarrows. 

3. In wagons. 

4. In automobiles. 

5. In trolley cars. 

6. In railroad 
trains. 

7. On boats, or 
ships. 

8. In sleighs. 

9. On bicycles. 
10. In airships. 
In which of these 

ways have you trav- 
eled? Can you tell 
what power is used 
in each case? 
In order to travel safely and quickly we need 
more than something in which to carry the people 
and products. We must have good wagon roads, well 
built railroads, tunnels through the mountains, and 
bridges over the rivers. Lighthouses are necessary 
to warn the vessels of the rocks at night or in the 
storms. 




TRANSPORTATION IN ARABIA. 



T\lien people need things from a distance they 
cannot always go all the way to the place and bring 



TEANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION 53 

back the products or articles. It is quicker and 
easier to send messages asking for what is needed. 
How would your mother send an order to the butcher 
for meat if she did not wish to go for it ? How could 
a farmer send a message to the city ordering new milk 
cans and strawberry boxes ? How do messages come 
to your house ? 

In olden days the persons had to carry all of their 
messages for themselves or send them V)y other per- 
sons. The messenger w'ould often run for miles with- 
out resting so as to deliver the letters as soon as 
possible. At last the people decided to give all of 
their letters to a postman who would ride on horse- 
l)ack from place to place with the mail. Stage- 
coaches were next used. It took a week for a coach 
to go as far as a train can go now in a few hours. 
Our mail is now carried from one city to another by 
trains or vessels, and then the letter carriers deliver 
it at our houses. 

The (juickest way to send a message is by cable, 
telegraph, telephone or wireless message. Over the 
electric wires or through the air the words are flashed 
for miles in a few minutes. 



CHAPTER IX 

PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE CITY 

SURFACE FEATURES OF PHILADELPHIA 

1. Hill and plain. 

2. River and island. 

3. Peninsula. 

i 

HILL AND PLAIN 

Some of the streets of our city are flat and level, 
but some slope like hills. Can you name a street 
which is level, and one that slants or slopes ? Which 
street do you like best to walk on? Why? Do you 
prefer the level or the sloping street when roller-skat- 
ing ? Why ? Which is best when you are coasting ? 

You have been to the park or country and noticed 
that some of the fields are nearly fiat, wdiile some lie 
on slopes or hills. We call the fiat part of the land, 
whether in the city or country, a plain. The sloping 
part of the land foruis a hill. Have we mostly hills 
or plains in Philadelphia ? 

2 

Some plains and some hills are covered with trees. 
If you were in the woods, surrounded by trees, how 

54 



PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE CITY 



55 



would you know whether you were on a phiin or on a 
hill? 

Some hills look very different from others. Some 
slope very gradually, while some are very steep. 
Some are in the city streets. Others are great fields 
of grass for cows to graze upon. Othei's are i)lanted 




HILLS AND VALLEYS. 



with corn, wheat, rye or vegetables. There are also 
wooded hills covered with trees. How do we know 
that all of these are hills? 

In the same way the plains vary greatly. While 
some have been made into city streets, others are 
great, flat, grassy fields with streams sometimes flow- 



56 



A HOME GEOGRAPHY 



ing through them. Some phiins are covered with 
forests. Others are planted with grain and vegeta- 
bles. How do you know that these are plains when 
there are so many different kinds? 



Look at the pictures and decide which show hills 
and which show plains. 




THE DELAWARE RIVER. 



Which is easier for a farmer to plough, a hill or a 
plain ? Why ? 

If you were sent upon an errand would you choose 
to go by way of a hilly street or a level street? Which 
is the pleasantest place for a country summer house, 
upon a hill or upon a plain ? 

How must the farmer help his horses w^hen pull- 
ing a heavy load up or down a hill ? 



PHYSIOGEAPHY OF THE CITY , 57 



RIVERS 

Have you ever seen a river? What river flows 
past Philadelphia? What river flows right through 
Philadelphia? Which of these rivers have you seen? 
Where were you when you saw it? How did it look? 
What did you see along the banks? What did you 
see on the river? Did you see any ways of crossing 
the river ? 



THE DELAWARE RIVER 

If you go down to the eastern part of our city and 
stand on a wharf you can get a fine view of the Dela- 
ware River. You can see the water continually flow- 
ing swiftly toward the south, where it will soon reach 
the great ocean. All along the shores you will see 
wharves. It was all beautiful country along the 
banks of the river before men built the wharves. 
Could large vessels land then ? Why not? 

Watch the life on the river. There goes a great 
ferry-boat crowded with people on the way to Cam- 
den. They want to take trains for Atlantic City, 
Cape May and Wild wood. See that great steamer 
coming up the river ! It has come from England, far 
across the great ocean. Those people crowding the 
decks have been on board for six days and nights. 
Some look very happy, for they are coming home to 



58 



A HOME GEOGRAPHY 



their families and friends. Some look sad, for they 
have left their homes far behind them. 

Down in the hold of the vessel are huge bags of 
mail. There are hundreds of great boxes, crates and 
trunks packed with linen, cloth, clothing and cutlery. 



I 




AN OCEAN STEAMSHIP. 
(Copyright, 1911, William H. Ran, Philadelphia.) 



6 



We can visit Cramps' shipyard which lies on the 
banks of the Delaware River. We shall see enormous 
vessels being built. Hundreds of workmen will be 
seen sawing, hammering and painting on the frame- 



PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE CITY 



59 



work of a big whip. From a distance they look as 
small as Hies moving about on the great frame. 



Many fine fish are caught in the river. Have you 
heard of Delaware shad ? 




CRAMPS SHIPYARD. 



Do you think the Delaware River is useful to our 
city ? In what ways does it help us ? 

8 

THE SCHUYLKILL RIVER 

Let us go to Fairmount Park and take a l)oat and 
row down the Schuylkill River. How beautiful the 



60 



A HOME GEOGRAPHY 



park looks ! See the grassy banks, the many fine 
trees, and the hills beyond. Now we are passing a 
piece of land which lies right out in the river with 
water all around it. We call it an island. It has 
grass and trees upon it. There is a bridge which 
stretcher across the river trom one bank to the other. 

There on our 
right is an- 
other island. 
It is a strip 
of land lying 
out in the 
river. 

Away up 
on the hill 
to the right 
we can just 
see the dome 

of Memorial Hall. We now pass under two more 
bridges. Up on the hill to the right we can see 
some of the buildings of the Zoological Gardens. On 
we go, past many other I'owboats. Those pretty little 
buildings in a row, right along the water s edge on our 
left, are the boathouses. There is a long boat just 
starting out. See how swiftly it glides down the 
sloping boards into the water! How beautifully the 
six oarsmen row, keeping exact time with each other 
on each stroke of the oars ! 




MEMORIAL HALL. 



PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE CITY 



61 



There are several pumping stations along the 
river. Let us land and go into one of these buildings. 
See the great shining wheels and pumps. The engines 
are working day and night to send the water through 
great pipes under the streets up into the city buildings. 




ELEPHANT IN THE 



The water that runs in your bathroom comes out of 
the Schuylkill River. When you take a drink in our 
school yard, you are swallowing some of the Schuylkill 
River water. These great water-works pump millions 
of gallons of water each day into the homes, scliools, 
mills and factories. For what purpose do we use this 
water ? 



62 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 

10 

Plants need more than good soil to make them 
grow. They will wither and die unless they have 
plenty of rain to keep the soil soft and moist. There 
are many places in the world where no ti'ees, nor 
grass, nor plants of any kind can grow. This is 
because there is no water to wet the earth. 

We all know that clouds bring the rain ; but how 
do the clouds get the water? Whenever there is 
water on the earth, as in the rivers, the air is con- 
tinually drawing up the moisture in tiny invisible 
drops. This moisture rises in the air and forms 
clouds. When the clouds get very heavy, down comes 
the water which we call rain. In cold weather it 
often falls as snow. 

Where there are no rivers there can be no rain, 
for the air cannot draw up moisture to form clouds. 
Where there are rivers there is plenty of rain and the 
soil is kept fertile. Plants will grow in it. Do you see 
how our food, our clothing and our shelter are depend- 
ent upon rainfall ? Do you see how we are kept alive 
by rivers? 

11 

Think of the many, many uses of rivers. There 
are thousands of useful rivers in the world. 

What are the three great necessities of human life ? 

How do rivers help us to get food and clothing, and 
to build our homes and make them comfortable ? 



PHYSIOGRAPHY OP THE CITY 63 

12 

SOME usp:s of rivers 

1. Water 8ui)ply; washing; and drinking. 

2. Water ])ower ; flour, textile and planing mills. 
8. Comuierce ; transportation. 

4. Life ; fish, plants. 

5. Fertility of soil, rainfall. 

6. Beauty of scenery. 

13 

Look at the map of Phihidelphia. Find the lines 
that represent the Delaware River and the Schuylkill 
River. Notice how the rivers bend. See the bridges. 
Find Fairmount Park. Find Cramps' Shipyard. 

14 

ISLANDS 

Do you remember as we rowed down the Schuylkill 
River we saw some large portions of land lying right out 
in the river? The water lay around them on all sides, 
We call such j)ortions of land islands. If you were 
standing on the shore and wanted to get to an 
island in the river, how could you do it? If you 
had no boat, vou miarht swim across the water. 
Sometimes a bridge connects an island with the 
main land. 

What was on the island we saw ? Some islands 
are no larger than this room. Others are so large that 
it would take days to travel around them. Whether 



64 



A HOME GEOGRAPHY 



they are large or small they all have water entirely 
around them. 

Some of 118 have been to a large island that has 
been built u\) into a city. Who has visited Atlantic 
City? Why did the train have to go over a bridge 
before we arrived in the city ? New York City forms 




PART OF A ROCKY ISLAND. 



another island. You can take a boat and go com- 
pletely around it. 

Look at the map of Philadelphia and see if you 
could go in a boat completely around our city. At 
what pait w^ould the boat not be able to pass? 
Why not? 

Philadelphia is not an island, for the water is not 



PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE CITY^ 65 

entirely around it; Init it is nearly an island. The 
word "peninsula" means " nearly an island." Why 
is Philadelphia a peninsula ? 

Look at the pictures of islands and see how many 
kinds you can see. 

Find an island that is all wooded. Find one that 
has fields. Find one that is rocky and steep and one 
that is level and built into a city. 

Some islands ai-e so large as to have many cities 
built upon them, and there are many farms and much 
woods beside on the same islands. Some have many 
rivers flowing through them. 

If you were on a large island how could you prove 
that it was an island ? If you wanted to leave it how 
could you do so? Look at the map of Pliiladelphia 
and find the islands in the river. 



CHAPTER X 

DIRECTION 
A LESSON IN THE SCHOOL YARD AT NOON TIME 

Face the sun. We are facing the south. Does the 
sun always lie south of us? Where was it early this 
morning when it arose ? That was east. Where will 
it be at sunset ? That is west. Move your hand to 
show the sun's daily journey from east to south to 
west. The sun is south of us only at noon time. 

Face your shadow. Now the sun is behind you. 



What direction is back of you ? You ^'e facing north. 
Look at the shadows of the school, of the fence, of the 
pole, and of all the other children. They are all fall- 
ing to the north. Can you make your shadow fall 
east or west or south ? Why not ? When only will 
shadows fall north ? Can you think of any time when 
the shadows would fall east or west ? Could they ever 
fall south? Why not? 

66 



DIRECTION 67 

2 

Draw this diagram on the yard pavement, and 
mark the parts that are north, south, east and west. 
Stand at the middle of the cross. Fa<3e north. What 
is behind you? What direction is at your right side 
and which is at your left side ? Learn these words : 

"When 1 face the north the south is behind me; 
the east is at my right hand and the west is at my 
left hand." 

If you pass a weather vane on your way home, see 
if you can read the letters on it and find out what 
they mean. 

3 

With soft chalk draw a line on your desk with one 
end toward the north and one end toward the south. 
Mark N for north and S for south. Draw a line across 
the middle of it, and mark E for east and W for west. 

What is north of you, south of you, east of you 
and west of you ? 

In wdiat direction from you is your teacher's desk? 

On what side of you are the blackboards? On 
which side are the windows ? 

Walk tow^ard the north, toward the east, toward the 
south, toward the west. 

Which boy or girl is north of you ? Which pupil 
is west of you ? 

What is south of your room? What is east of it? 

On what side of your room is the corridor? On 



68 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 

which side is the street ? On which side is the school 
yard ? 

What is north of your teacher's desk? What is 
south of your teacher's chair? What is west of the 
table? What is east of the aquarium? 

4 

Draw a plan of your desk. Mark north, south, 
east and west upon it. Hang it up with north at the 
top. Draw a plan of your schoolroom. Mark the 




POINTS OF THE COMPASS. 



north, south, east and west. Hang up the plan with 
north at the top. 

Look at the plan of the city. We call it a map. 
North is at the top. Find the Delaware and Schuyl- 
kill Rivers. At which side of the city are they? 

Look at a plan of the entire school floor with all 
of the rooms and the corridor. How shall we hang it? 

5 

Men have made plans of the city, the country, and 
the whole world. These plans which show the land 



DIRECTION 69 

and water are called maps. On all maps north is 
usually at the top. 

Look at the map of the whole world. How can 
you tell which part means land and which means 
water? What direction is at the top of the map, at 
the bottom, at the right side, and at the left side ? 

6 

See where we find the north-east, soutli-east, south- 
west and north-west. 



PART TWO 



CHAPTER I 

THE EARTH AS A WHOLE 
1 

Long ago wise men found out that the great earth 
on which we live is not flat, but round like a ball. It 




is so very large, and we see so small a part of it at one 
time, that it looks flat to us. Take a piece of paper 
and tear out a small hole. Hold the hole over your 



73 



74 A HOME GEOGKAPHY 

globe SO that a small part of the surface shows through. 
Does the small piece of the globe look very curved ? 

These men noticed ships sailing away across the 
water. When the ships w^ere far away the lower part 
of the boat could not be seen. More and more dis- 
appeared till only the tops of the masts could be seen; 
and at last they were gone too. If you make a little 
paper boat and let it sail flat across your desk and 
then try it over the globe, you can see how this proves 
that the earth is not flat. 

Did you ever see an eclipse of the moon ? The big 
round shadow was the earth's shadow. Why was the 
shadow round ? 

A globe shows the shape of the earth. 

2 

Look at all of the globes and maps in the room. 
Find how the land and the water are shown. Can you 
see any islands, any peninsulas? A tiny dot may 
mean the whole of Philadelphia. Do you remember 
how^ we looked down on Philadelphia from a great 
height and saw the thousands of houses? Just think 
of this tiny dot meaning all of our city. 

3 

How are the rivers drawn ? Think of the great 
wide flowing Delaware River with its wharves and 
its boats, It comes from miles north of Philadel- 



f ^ SV,i— -" NOHTH POLE ^**>[S^ /^ /) 




^' 



(jniatctjc Circle 






C,\JjJ^ ITORTH POL? -i^/ /• /I 




Circle 



c r ic 



THE EAKTH AS A WHOLE 75 

phia, and flows on miles south of Philadelphia. 
This little black line means all of that great broad 
river. 

Why do we have such tiny things to represent such 
great things ? 

See this land called North America. It would 
take five days and nights in a fast express train 
to travel straight across it. 

4 

We can cut the globe in half and make a flat map 
of the two parts side by side. 

Anothei' name for the globe is sphere. ''Hemi" 
means "half," so each half of the globe is called a 
"hemisphere." 

One half is called the Eastern Hemisphere and the 
other half the Western Hemisphere. 

In the Western Hemisphere we have the Western 
Continent, which is America. This Western Continent 
is made of two grand divisions, North America and 
South America. Why are they so named ? We live 
in North America. Find Philadelphia and the Dela- 
ware River. North America was joined to South 
America by a narrow strip of land called the Isthmus 
of Panama. Look at the map and think why millions 
of dollars have been spent through many years to cut 
through this isthmus. Now vessels can pass through 
this Panama Canal. 



76 A HOME GEOGKAPHY 

Look at the map of the Western Hemisphere and 
notice what it contains besides the Western Continent 
of America. There is more water than land. This 
water forms the great oceans. 

Perhaps you have been to Atlantic City and seen 
the Atlantic Ocean. Do you remember the big waves 
which rolled in on the sandy beach and the pretty 
white caps far out ? Did you see the big nets drawn 
in full of hundreds of fish ? Perhaps you bathed in 
the ocean and got your mouth full of water. It did 
not taste like the water we drink, for it was salty. 
All of the water of the ocean is salt water, but the 
water of rivers is fresh. 

The oceans are very large. It would take us five or 
six days and nights on a great steamer to cross to the 
other side of the Atlantic Ocean. In what direction 
would we go? 

5 

On the western side of America there is another 
great ocean, the Pacific Ocean. It has salt water like 
the Atlantic Ocean, and it also is constantly in motion 
with great waves. 

North of North America, in the intensely cold 
region, is the Arctic Ocean. Great masses of ice called 
icebergs and ice floes are floating through this ocean. 

Far south of South America is the Antarctic Ocean. 
It does not touch South America. It too is in the cold 
part of the world. 



THE EAKTH AS A WHOLE 77 

6 

Do you know of any people wlio came here from 
England, Ireland, France, Germany, Italy or Russia ? 
Their homes were in the Eastern Hemisphere. The 
Eastern Hemisphere has a great mass of land called 
the Eastern Continent. The Eastern Continent is com- 
posed of three grand divisions, Europe, Asia and Africa. 

Find the great island named Australia. That is 
sometimes called the Australian Continent because it 
is so large. 

The same oceans which are in the Western Hemi- 
sphere extend into the Eastern Hemisphere. Can you 
name them? The Eastern Hemisphere also contains 
the Indian Ocean, which is not in the Western Hemi- 
sphere. 

8 

1. How can people go from North America to 
Europe ? 

2. How do the Chinese, whose home is in Asia, 
come to America? 

3. Nearly all of the rul)ber which we use for auto- 
mobile tires, overshoes, erasers, and hundreds of other 
articles comes from South Ameri-ca. Over what ocean 
does it come ? 

4. On what ocean did Peary sail on his journey to 
the North Pole ? 



78 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 

5. When Amundsen searched for the South Pole, 
he started fi'om an ishind near Australia. On what 
oceans did he sail ? 

6. When the first negroes were bi'ouglit here from 
Africa over what ocean did they come ? 

7. What ocean trip is shortest from Africa to Asia ? 

8. Of what use is the ocean ? 

9. Which ocean can we reach most quickly from 
Philadelphia? How long would it take us to get 
there ? 

10. How long would it take us to reach the Pacific 
Ocean ? 

" Behold the sea, * >i< * splendid and strong, yet beautiful as the 
rose or the rainbow ; full of food, uourisher of man, purger of the world, 
creating a sweet climate." — Emerson. 



CHAPTER II 

THE SEASONS 
1 

What kind of weather are we having now ? What 
kind will we have in July, in December, in April, in 
October? 

What do we call the warm season? What is 
the cold season? What are the mild seasons? 
How many seasons have we ? 

2 

What kind of clothing do we need in winter? 

What work in your home is different in winter from 
what is done in summer? What season gives the 
school janitor most work? Why? 

If you have been to the park in winter you have 
seen how different it looks from the way it does in 
sunmier time. Tell how. In what ways do the city 
streets differ in winter and in summer? 

Name some winter and some summer spoi'ts and 
games. 

There are certain kinds of industries which can be 
engaged in only in summer and some only in winter. 
Decide which of the following are summer and which 

79 



80 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 

are winter industries, and which require work in more 
than one season: 

Ice cutting Building 

Farming Preserving 

Lumbering Fishing 

3 

What season do we have when the warm summer 
is over, and before the cold winter has set in ? How 
do the city streets look then ? How do you think the 
farm looks then ? 

Autumn or fall is a busy time on the farm. The 
last of the vegetables must be taken in and stored 
away for the winter. The ripe apples and nuts must 
be gathered too. The corn is brought in from the fields 
and stored in the barns for the winter food of the farm 
animals. 

4 

After the long cold winter is over the days grow^ 
gradually milder and warmer until spring has come. 
Are you glad when spring comes ? Why ? 

In your schoolroom you can tell when spring is 
here. How pleasant the air feels as it blows in through 
the w^indow ! It seems to kiss us wdth its warm breath. 
You can hear the birds chirping as if they were happy. 
Perhaps a bee will buzz into the room. Many of the 
children will bring to school the dainty little spring 



THE SEASONS 81 

flowers, anemones, blood root, liepatica, violets and 
buttercups. 

Out in the country all nature is busy. The tree 
buds are swelling and bursting. The grass and flow- 
ers are springing up. The birds are building their 
nests. The farmer is ploughing and planting his fields. 



CHAPTER III 

THE ZONES 
1 

All parts of the earth do not have seasons such as 
we have. If we should travel north we should find 
the climate growing colder and colder. After a long 
time we should come to a region of intense cold. The 
ground would be covered with ice and snow all the 
year through, both winter and summer. This most 
northern part of the earth is called the North Pole. 
The region around it is the North Frigid Zone. There 
is a South Pole and a South Frigid Zone as cold as the 
northern one. You can see where they are on the 
diagram. 

If we start from Philadeli)hia on a trip south we 
tind it constantly growing warmer. At last we come 
to a place where it is extremely warm in both summer 
and winter. That region is called the Torrid Zone 
because " torrid " means "hot." This hot zone extends 
right around the middle part of the earth. The very 
hottest part through the middle is the Equator. 
Notice on the drawing that we live in a zone between 
the very cold region, or Frigid Zone, and the very 
warm region, or Torrid Zone. Our zone is called the 
North Temperate Zone. We have here spring, summer, 

82 



J.-^ 




THE ZONES 



83 



autumn and winter. Our weather is seldom so cold 
as in the Frigid Zones, nor so warm as in the Torrid 
Zone. Our spring and autumn are mild or temperate. 



^qRTH PQi^g 




■South pott- 
THE ZONES. 



Find the South Temperate Zone. Its climate is 
just like ours. What seasons do they have there? 
What zone lies north of it and which south of it? 

Copy the diagram of the zones in your note-book. 



THE TEMPERATE ZONE— OUR ZONE 

Most of the people of the world live in one of the 
Temperate Zones, and most of the great cities are in 
these zones. People can work better here where we 
do not have either intensely hot nor intensely cold 
weather all of the time. There are two Temperate 



84 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 

Zones, the North Temperate Zone and the South Tem- 
perate Zone. In which do we live ? 

Some plants grow best in the Temperate Zones, 
while others live best in the Torrid Zone. Scarcelv 
any grow in the Frigid Zones. Name all the plants 
you can think of that live in our zone. These plants 
grow during the summer and rest or die when winter 
comes. 

SOME PLANTS OF THE TEMPERATE ZONES 

Poplar Fruit trees 

Maple Wheat 

Chestnut Corn 

Oak Cotton 

Walnut I'arm vegetables 

Pine Familiar garden plants 

None of these plants can grow well in either the 
intense cold of the Frigid Zones or the great heat of 
the Torrid Zone. 

3 

Many animals live better in our zone than in any 
other zone. They need temperate climate. 

SOME ANIMALS OF THE TEMPERATE ZONES 

Horse Squirrel 

Cow Bear 

Sheep Wolf 

Pig Rabbit 





THE 


ZONES 




Cat 






Fox 


Dog 






Deer 


Zebra 






Buffalo 


Giraffe 






Goat 



85 



Which are domestic and which are wild animals? 
Describe each and tell how it is useful to man. 




'^ 



4 

THE HOT ZONE 

If we take a long trip to the south we find it grow- 
ing warmer and warmer until at last we have reached 
a land where it is warm all the year through. This is 
the Torrid Zone. 

The plants do not rest nor die in winter there, for 
there is no cold weather. These plants keep right on 
growing through the year. Many of the trees grow 
very, very high and have tremendous leaves. 



SQ 



A HOME GEOGRAPHY 



In Hoi'ticultiiral Hall the temperature is kept as 
warm as in the Torrid Zone, so that the Hot Zone 
plants will grow there. You can see these plants 
there : 

Palm 

Rubber 

Giant ferns 

Coffee 

Bamboo 

Banana 

In the for- 
ests of the 
Hot Zone the 
trees grow 
very high and 
close together. The sunlight cannot shine through the 
dense masses of leaves. There are great quantities of 
bushes and vines growing all around the tree trunks. 
It is impossible to walk through these forests without 
first chopping out a pathway with a hatchet. 




HORTICLLTUKAL HALL. 



In these forests live many of the fierce animals 
which you have seen in cages in the Zoological Gardens. 

SOME ANIMALS OF THE TORRID ZONE 

Monkey Elephant 

Camel Snake 



THE ZONES 

Lion Parrot 

Tiger Kbinoceros 

Leopard Wild Cat 

Describe these and tell of what use thev are. 



87 




A TROPICAL JUNGLE. 



Why are some of the buildings in the Zoological 
Gardens so warm ? 



The Torrid Zone was the first home of the negroes 
before they were brought to America. There are many 



88 A -HOME GEOGRAPHY 

negroes and Indians living in the Hot Zone now. Many 
are but half-civilized. Some are savage. As they do 
not need large warm homes like ours, some live in small 
huts made of the l^ranches of trees, earth and straw. 
A few of these homes together make a village. These 
people get their food by hunting in the forest and fish- 
ing in the rivers and ocean. They also eat the fruits 
that grow wild in the forests. There are some cities 
in the Torrid Zone, but none so large as Philadelphia. 
These cities have been built mostly by the civilized 
white people. The streets are often shaded with 
beautiful palm trees. The buildings are generally 
small, as the people live and work out of doors as 
much as possible. 



WHAT THE TEMPERATE AND TORRID ZONES DO FOR EACH OTHER 

The people living in the Torrid Zone send to us 
Temperate Zone i)eople many useful things that do not 
grow here. These are some of them : 

Cocoanuts Chocolate 

Bananas Pepper 

Coffee Palm leaves 

Rul)ber Mahogany 

In return the Temperate Zone people send to the 

Torrid Zone inhabitants things that they do not have. 

In the Hot Zone there are no large factories in which 

to manufacture goods, so we send there : 



THE ZONES 




Farm tools 


Guns 


Woven goods 


Knives 


Books 


Clothing 



89 



8 

THE COLD ZONES 

At the most northern part of the earth and at the 
most southern part are regions of intense cold. The 




AN ESKIMO FAMILY. 



earth is entirely covered with ice and snow all of the 
year. The water is filled with masses of floating ice 
and snow. Our coldest winter days are not nearly so 
cold as the climate of the North and South Frigid 



90 



A HOME GEOGRAPHY 



Zones. It is even bard to tell which is land and which 
is water. 

Of course no trees, nor grass, nor plants, nor 

animals, nor people of 
any kind can live in that 
intense cold. At the 
parts near the Temper- 
ate Zones, where it is 
slightly warmer, there are 
some very small dwarfed 
trees not more than a 
foot or two high, and per- 
haps a little moss. It is 
here that the Eskimos 
live; but most of the 
North Frigid Zone and 
the South Frigid Zone 
is a stretch of frozen 
whiteness on all sides, 
with no living thing of 
any kind. During the 
summer the sun never sets, so that there is twilight 
all night. In winter the sun never rises above the 
horizon, so there are months of darkness. 

These frozen lands are the regions through which 
so many brave explorers have traveled trying to find 
the most northern part called the North Pole, and the 
most southern part, the South Pole. Many of these 




ESKIMO BOY. 



THE ZONES 91 

fearless men have never returned from the Frigid 
Zones. They have starved or been frozen to 
death. 

At last, after trying for twenty-seven years, Robert 
E. Peary, an American, reached the North Pole on 
April 6, 1909. All Americans are very proud of this 
brave, determined, fearless man, who would not stop 
until he had done what he set out to do. 

Roald Amundsen, a brave Norwegian, reached the 
South Pole on December 14:, 1911, after suffering many 
hardships. 

9 

Peary has written a book in which he tells about 
his travels. Up in the north he met the Eskimos, who 
l)elong to the Indian family. They Mve in snow houses 
in the winter. In summer, which is also very cold, they 
live in skin tents. These Eskimos di'ess in warm furs. 
They have no schools nor churches, but they are a 
kind and peaceful people. They were veiy good to 
the white explorers in the north. 

The Eskimo travels mostly on foot, but carries loads 
on sledges drawn by dogs. The Eskimo's dogs are his 
best friends. Without them he could not manage to 
carry home the animals he kills for food and clothing. 
He also uses boats which he makes of skins. 

Many of the Frigid Zone animals are covered with 
heavy fur. Why? 



92 A HOME GEOGKAPHY 

SOME FRIGID ZONE ANIMALS 

Dog Polar Bear Seal 

Eeindeer Whale Penguin 

10 

WHAT THE FRIGID AND TEMPERATE ZONES DO FOR EACH OTHER 

Men o'o to the Frioid Zones and catch seals and 
other animals and bring back the skins for the Tem- 
perate Zone people. 

The whale, which lives in the ocean of the Frigid 
Zone, is also very useful. From it we get the whale- 
bone, oil and also a fertilizer to help our farm crops to 
grow. Great quantities of whale meat are eaten by 
some people of the Temperate Zones. 

The Eskimos of the Frigid Zone are glad to have 
from the Temperate Zones manufactured articles like 
pans, knives and guns. 

11 

1. What kinds of people did you see in the lantern 
exhibition ? 

2. Wliy are the Temperate Zone people more civil- 
ized than the Frigid Zone people ? 

3. Name some animals of each zone. 

4. In which zones is it best to live ? Why ? 

5. As you sit at your desk point toward the North 
Pole, toward the South Frigid Zone, the North Frigid 
Zone, the South Temperate Zone, the Equator, the 
South Pole, the Torrid Zone. 



CHAPTER lY 

NORTH AMERICA 
1 

Find Philadelphia on the map of Nortli America. 
Locate it on all of our maps and globes. 

North America is a very large portion of land. 
You could sail along its shores for thousands of miles. 
At its widest part you could not cross it in a fast 
express train in less than five days and nights. There 
are thousands of cities in this great grand division, 
for there are millions of people here. Most of them 
are white or Caucasian. There are also many Indians, 
Negroes, Eskimos and Mongolians. 

Much of the land is dense forest, and much is 
fertile farm land. A small part has so few rivers and 
such a scarcity of rainfall that the land is dry and 
arid. Little grows upon it but coarse grass and cactus. 
This region is called a desert. 

2 

North America stretches far up north into the 
North Frigid Zone and far south into the Torrid Zone, 
but most of it lies in the North Temperate Zone. 
What plants and animals live in North America ? It 
is separated from Asia by a narrow strip of w^ater called 
Behring Strait. How did North America used to be 

93 



94 



A HOME GEOGRAPHY 



connected with South America? Why is the separa- 
tion called a canal and not an isthmus ? 

3 
Three great oceans wash the shores of North Amer- 
ica. Name 
them. The 
coast line is 
very irregu- 
lar. Notice 
on the map 
that at places 
part of the 
ocean ex- 
tends far into 
the land, 
hrmmg gtiJ/s 
a n d hays. 
Hudson Bay, 
Gulf of Mex- 
ico and Gulf 
of St. Law- 
rence are 
all parts of 
which ocean? 

The waves are not so high in the bays and gulfs as in 
the open ocean. The land keeps off some of the wind. 
Vessels that are waiting to be laden with cargo lie in 
these sheltered gulfs and bays. Why ? 




ATLANTIC CITY LIGHTHOUSE. 



NORTH AMERICA 95 

At many places along the shore the land juts out 
into the ocean in capes. Many of these points of land 
have special names. Look on the map for them. 
There are light liouses built on most of these capes to 
warn the ships in the dark and in the storms to keep 
away from the dangerous rocks and shore. A cape is 
often a pleasant place for a summer home. There is 
so much water around it that the sea breezes sweep 
across it and make it delightfully cool. 

4 

Do you remember the great Delaware River with 
its many boats and steamers? There are hundreds of 
rivers in North America flowing for miles, until at last 
they reach the ocean. 

5 

There are many high hills, some so very high as 
to be called tiumntcmis. There is a chain of these 
mountains called the Eastern Highlands along the 
eastern part of North America. They extend for 
many miles north and south. The scenery in this 
region is very beautiful. The mountains are covered 
mostly with forests of pine, spruce, oak, uiaple, chest- 
nut and other trees. These are cut down for lumber. 
In the wilder parts of these forests live squirrels, rab- 
bits, bears and snakes. At places the trees have been 
cut down to make room for fields of grain. 



96 



A HOME GEOGRAPHY 




SURFACE MAP OF NORTH AMERICA. 



NORTH AMERICA 97 

The mountains are full of useful minerals. Great 
quantities of coal and iron are mined in the Eastern 
Highlands. 

6 

The highest mountains in North America are the 
Western Highlands in the western part. One great 
chain or range extends the entire length of North 
America from the Arctic Ocean down into South 
America. Great forests grow on these mountains. 
In some places are huge masses of rock on which 
nothing grows, so this range has been called the Rocky 
Mountains. It is always bitter cold at the top of some 
of these mountains because they reach so high. Even 
in summer they are capped with snow. Nowhere in 
the world can more magniticent scenery be found. 

West of the Rocky Mountains is the Pacitic Moun-' 
tain System. 

Gold and silver are ndned in the Western High- 
lands. In the wild parts of the forests, where no 
people live, deer, wolves and bears may be found. 

7 
The low land between the mountains we call phu'ns 
or valleys. There is a Great Central Plain which 
reaches from the Eastern Highlands to the Western 
Highlands. There are many rivers in this valley. 
The Mississip[)i and the Missouri Rivers are the 
largest. 



98 



A HOME GEOGRAPHY 



8 



You remember how rivei's make I'ainfall and fertile 
soil. The Great Central Plain has some of the best 
farm land in the world. In the northern cold part 
hardly anything grows, but in the central part great 
quantities of corn, grain, fruits and vegetables are 




SHEEP ON THE PLAINS. 



raised. In the south the plantations or farms raise 
sugar cane, cotton, tobacco, rice and coffee. 

On the w^estern plains great herds of thousands of 
sheep and cattle are raised. 

In the Great Central Plain are hundreds of cities 
where the farm products ai'e sold. Here, too, the 
farmers buy the farm tools and machinery which they 



NORTH AMERICA 99 

need. In the cities the wheat is ground into flour and 
the logs from the forests are sawed into planks or made 
into furniture. 

9 

East of the central part of the Great Central Plain 
are five of the largest lakes in the world. When you 
are in a boat in the middle of any one of them you 
cannot see the land on any side. They are called the 
Great Lakes. Their names are Superior, Michigan, 
Huron, Erie and Ontario. They are all joined to- 
gether, and from the last a large river runs into the 
Gulf of St. Lawrence. It has the same name as the 
gulf. 

There are many other smaller lakes in North 
America where the land is low and the water from the 
rivers and streams fills up the hollows. All but the 
Great Salt Lake have fresh water like the rivers. 

Of what use are lakes ? 



CHAPTER Y 

COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA 
1 

North America contains several different countries. 
Each is under a separate government. These countries 
are United States, British America, Danish America, 
Mexico and Central America. Each country has its 
own ruler and its own laws. Each has a special flag 
and its own kind of money and postage stamps. 

2 

THE UNITED STATES 

We live in the best one of these counti'ies, for we 
have the best ways of obtaining our food, our clothing 
and our shelter. Our chmate is good, for we are in 
the North Temperate Zone. Our soil is very fertile. 
The Great Central Pkiin of North America passes 
through the central part of the United States. We 
raise fruits, vegetables, corn, wheat, rice and sugar for 
food. We have immense farms for raising cows and 
sheep too. Our clothing is supplied by the thousands 
of sheep we raise and from the cotton we grow here. 
The Western and Eastern Highlands pass through our 
country. 

We have a great quantity of lumber, stone, coal 
and iron for making our comfortable homes. In what 

100 




NORTH POLE 



^ 



C. \yas}nnfjton^^^^^^^y^ 



o o 







COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA 



101 



part of the country is each of these products obtained ? 
Why ? Right in oui* own United States is found nearly 
everything that is necessary to make us comfortable 
and happy. 













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fei 






M 




P 






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BB^^^^^^; 












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COTTON FIELD. 



We have hundreds of cities with homes, factories, 
schools, hospitals and churches. Over every public 
building floats our beautiful flag, the Stars and Stripes. 

Our laws are made in the capital, which is named 
Washington, after George Washington, our first presi- 
dent. Find Washington on the map. It is not far 
from Philadelphia. We can go there in four hours. 



102 



A HOME GEOGRAPHY 



It is a beautiful city. The Capitol building is one of 

the tinest in the world. The President of the United 

States lives in the White House. 

Alaska, in the north-west, and the island of Porto 

Rico, in the south-east, belong to the United States. 

We own other islands in 
other parts of the world. 

3 

British America is our 
next neighbor on the 
north. It includes all 
of the Dominion of Can- 
ada and the Island of 
Newfoundland. It be- 
longs to England or Great 
Britain in Europe. 

The Great Central Plain 
and the Western High- 
lands pass through it, and 
yet it is not a rich country with many people like the 
United States. Can you tell why ? 

There are large crops of fruit and grain in the 
southern part only of British America. In this part 
only are there any large cities. The few people in the 
northern part go there to hunt the animals for furs 
and to find gold. Many whales live in the cold waters 
of the Atlantic Ocean and Hudson Bay. Are they of 
use to man ? 



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wF 




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■if 


■Uk V '-^ j^ 




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kn 


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MOUNTAIN GOAT. 



COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA 103 

4 

Banish America is the name given to the two 
ishmds Greenland and Icehind, because they belong 
to Denmark, a coiinti-y of Europe. 

Greenland lies in which zones? What kind of 
climate has it ? A few white people and some Eskimos 
live in the southern part. The northern part has no 
life at all. 

What do you know of the people, the plants and 
the animals of this region ? 

In what zone is Iceland ? Why is the climate very 
cold ? Many tish are caught in the ocean around Ice- 
land. The people on the island are able to raise little 
but grass to feed their sheep and cattle. 

There are many mountains in Iceland. Some of 
them send out steam and melted rock and are called 
volcanoes. 

5 

Mexico is our southern neighbor. This country has 
a president and a government somewhat like ours. 

Both Indians and white people live in Mexico. 
The climate is so warm in the valleys that the people 
living there cannot work so hard as they do in the 
United States. So they do not have large factories ' 
and many fine schools, hospitals and libraries as we 
have. Why do they not build these on the mountains 
where the climate is pleasant ? 

They have large plantations where they raise 



104 A HOME GEOGKAPHY 

rubber, siigai', cotton, coffee, tobacco and fruit and 
many cattle. 

The gi'eat Western Higldands extend down through 
Mexico, and silver, copper and coal are mined in them. 
Some of these mountains are volcanoes. What does 
this mean ? 

6 

Central America is still warmer than Mexico. It 
is entirely in what zone? The plants and animals are 
much like those of Mexico. 

7 

The West Indies consist of many islands. The 
largest are Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica and Porto Kico. 
Which belongs to the United States ? These islands 
have a warm climate. What do you think is raised 
on the plantations by the white people and negroes? 

The West Indies separate a part of the ocean from 
the main Atlantic Ocean. This smaller part is called 
the Caribbean Sea. Notice wdiat countries it touches. 



CHAPTER YI 

TRIPS 
1 

Suppose you were lo sail from Philadelphia to 
Iceland. 

1. What would you take with you that the people 
would be glad to get ? 

2. What kind of clothing would you need for the 
trip? 

• 3. Over what Avater would you sail? 

4. In what direction would vou 2:0? 

5. What countries would you pass ? 

6. How could you tell w-hen you were getting near 
Iceland ? 

7. What w^ould you see in Iceland ?. 

8. Could you bring back to the people at home 
anything useful? 

2 

Let us go to visit the Panama Canal, keeping our 
vessel close to the shore all the way. 

1. What clothing shall we need ? Why? 

2. What countries shall w^e pass ? What islands, 
peninsulas and capes ? 



o. On what water shall we sail ? 



105 



106 A HOME GEOGRAPHY 

L Wliat would the people be glad to have from 
Philadeli)hia? 

5. Where could we stop to get some coffee, rubber 
and bananas to bring back? 

3 

Plan a trip along the Pacilic Ocean. 

1. Where will you start? 

2. Where will you go ? 

3. What will you see at the place from which you 
start and at the end of the trip ? 

4. What interesting places will you pass ? 

4 

Let us cross our country by train from Philadelphia 
to the Pacilic Coast. 

1. How long shall we be on the train ? 

2. Describe the scenery as we go west. 

3. What rivers shall we cross? 

4. What kinds of industries could we visit on the 
way across? 

5 

How far can a boat sail if it starts in the Gulf of 
St. Lawrence to go as far west as possible ? 

6 

A trip u}) the Mississippi River. 
1. How would the climate change? 



TEIPS 107 

2. What name is given to this part of the land 
through which the river flows? 

3. What scenes could we expect to see on the 
shores of the river? 

4. What products would the boats we pass be 
carrying? 



SEP 23 1918 



